Even though only six years have passed since 2011, it was positively light years ago when it comes to the development of artificial intelligence. Nevertheless, 2011 was the point when the average person on the street first became aware of what artificial intelligence could do.
The reason for this mass awareness of the transformative power of artificial intelligence? IBM’s Watson – a ‘question answering’ computer system – faced off against the greatest players in Jeopardy history. (For those of you who don’t know, Jeopardy is a long-running US television game show where contestants are presented with general knowledge clues in the form of answers. In their answer, they must phrase their responses in the form of questions.)
The Jeopardy players had won over $5 million in prize money between them on the show. To get acquainted with the show, IBM’s Watson ‘played’ over 100 matches against past winners.
The result? Watson wiped the floor with his two opponents. He came out with $77,147 leaving his two opponents “in the dust”, according to TechRepublic, with $21,600 and $24,000 respectively.
The field of artificial intelligence has been developing since the 1950s, but researchers have continually encountered the same problem: the conventional approach has been to create an all-knowing programme with elements of logical reasoning and knowledge of the world at large.
Let’s imagine you wanted a computer to translate a document from Italian to English. You would have to programme in all the grammatical rules of Italian, then every word in the Italian language. After that, you’d have to do the exact same thing for English. And only then could you ask the computer to translate the document.
The old approach to artificial intelligence worked for large-scale mathematical problems but it couldn’t handle the anomalies. Let’s imagine again that you wanted a computer to identify different types of cats.
You’d enter all the parameters for identifying cats – two ears, four legs, whiskers, fur etc. That might work fine for identifying your average tabby, but what about something like a Scottish Fold? That’s a breed of cat, which, thanks to a genetic mutation that affects cartilage throughout its body, has folded-over ears.
The computer looks at it and thinks, “four ears? That’s not a cat.” The point being, the traditional approach to artificial intelligence had limits, but scientists (and enterprises too) are now redefining how they think about it.
Image source: Forbes
Nowadays, the approach to machine learning for enterprise is almost the opposite of the traditional model as shown above. Instead of the ‘you-need-to-know-everything-before-you-know-one-specific-thing’ approach, artificial intelligence now works from the bottom up. It starts learning one thing at a time and then builds a big picture after that.
This approach can be used to predict faults in machinery before they even happen. Cardiologists are using it to predict when people will have heart attacks long before they actually occur. Engineers on offshore oil-rigs are using artificial intelligence to predict faults before they happen - preventing potenitally catastrophic environmental distasters.
According to the New York Times, the newer artificial intelligence systems create, “an adaptable neural network that can teach itself how to recognise and store knowledge effectively to accomplish a goal.”
Three of the biggest tech companies have revealed that they are becoming artificial intelligence-led organisations. Google is, “moving from a mobile-first world to an artificial intelligence-first world”. Jeff Bezos of Amazon said that he believes, “we are in the earliest days of a transition to artificial intelligence-first thinking,” and IBM has made 22 APIs available to developers for building cognitive applications in the cloud since Watson’s appearance on Jeopardy.
This approach is being mirrored by car makers like Volvo which are using driving data to build self-driving cars. On the newest iPhones, Apple run artificial intelligence algorithms to predict the next word to type in a message.
Netflix run AI algorithms to recommend programming to users based on their preferences and what they are likely to enjoy. Under Armour worked with IBM’s Watson to combine data from its Record app with third-party data on fitness and nutrition.
A recent survey from Accenture found that among big companies (with over €400 million in sales):
Healthcare, finance, and insurance in particular are facing huge evolutions in the face of machine learning – though the stats make the case for themselves across the board. The artificial intelligence revolution is coming – but will your company be on the right side of history?
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